标准美国阿拉斯加犬长啥样？
注：该标准中文版翻译自FCI国际纯种犬标准英文版，已发布于CKU新官网-犬种百科
09.06.1999 / EN
FCI-国际纯种犬标准第 243 号
ALASKAN MALAMUTE
阿拉斯加雪橇犬
图片来自AKC官网
本图片并不一定代表该犬种的理想类型
ORIGIN: U.S.A
起源国：美国
UTILIZATION: Sledge dog.
用途：雪橇犬
FCI-CLASSIFICATION:
Group 5 Spitz and primitive types.
Section 1 Nordic Sledge Dogs.
Without working trial.
FCI分组：
第五组 尖嘴犬和原始犬种组
第1类 极地雪橇犬
无需工作犬测试。
GENERAL APPEARANCE:
The Alaskan Malamute, one of the oldest Arctic sledge dogs, is a powerful and substantially built dog with deep chest and strong, well-muscled body. The Malamute stands well over the pads, and this stance gives the appearance of much activity and a proud carriage, with head erect and eyes alert showing interest and curiosity. The head is broad. Ears are triangular and erect when alerted. The muzzle is bulky, only slight diminishing in width from root to nose. The muzzle is not pointed or long, yet not stubby. The coat is thick with a coarse guard coat of sufficient length to protect a woolly undercoat. Malamutes are of various colors. Face markings are a distinguishing feature. These consist of a cap over the head, the face either all white or marked with a bar and/or a mask. The tail is well furred, carried over the back, and has the appearance of a waving plume. The Malamute must be a heavy boned dog with sound legs, good feet, deep chest and powerful shoulders, and have all of the other physical attributes necessary for the efficient performance of his job. The gait must be steady, balanced, tireless and totally efficient. He is not intended as a racing sledge dog designed to compete in speed trials. The Malamute is structured for strength and endurance, and any characteristic of the individual specimen, including temperament, which interferes with the accomplishment of this purpose, is to be considered the most serious of faults.
整体外貌：
阿拉斯加雪橇犬是最古老的极地雪橇犬犬种之一，该犬体格强健、有力，胸深且强壮，肌肉发达。脚垫着地，站姿良好，尽显活泼。头部高昂，双眼充满警觉，显示出强烈的好奇心和兴趣。头宽。耳为三角形，警觉时会竖立。口吻大，宽度自根部向鼻子方向仅略微变小。口吻不尖不长，也不短粗。被毛厚，外层被毛足够长且硬，对底层羊毛状被毛有保护作用。阿拉斯加雪橇犬的毛色多种多样。其面部的斑纹是一个显著的特征，其中包括头上的帽状斑纹以及全白色或带有条纹的面部。尾部被毛充分，举起过背，外观如波状羽毛。阿拉斯加雪橇犬的骨量大，腿强健，犬足佳，胸深，肩部有力，并具备其它所有工作所需的身体特征。其步态要稳、协调、不显疲惫、效率高。阿拉斯加雪橇犬并不是用于进行速度比赛的雪橇犬，他的身体结构使其在耐力和力量方面具有优势，个体所具有的任一特征影响到耐力和速度的都被视为最为严重的缺陷之一。
IMPORTANT PROPORTIONS:
The depth of chest is approximately one half the height of the dog at the shoulders, the deepest point being just behind the forelegs. The length of the body from point of shoulder to the rear point of pelvis is longer than the height of the body from ground to top of the withers.
重要比例：
胸深约是肩高的一半，最深点位于前腿之后。体长（自肩部起至骨盆后部）比肩高要长。
BEHAVIOUR / TEMPERAMENT:
The Alaskan Malamute is an affectionate, friendly dog, not a « one-man » dog. He is a loyal, devoted companion, playful in invitation, but generally impressive
by his dignity after maturity.
行为/秉性：
阿拉斯加雪橇犬亲切、友好，对人友善，是忠诚、专一的伴侣犬，好动，但通常在成熟后会显得稳重高贵。
HEAD： The head is broad and deep, not coarse or clumsy, but in proportion to the size of the dog. The expression is soft and indicates an affectionate disposition.
头部：
头宽且深，不显粗糙或笨拙，与身体比例协调。表情柔和，体现出温和的性情。
CRANIAL REGION: 颅部区域
Skull: Broad and moderately rounded between the ears, gradually narrowing and flattening on top as it approaches the eyes, rounding off to cheeks. There is a slight furrow between the eyes. The topline of the skull and the topline of the muzzle show a slight break downward from a straight line as they join.
头骨：宽，两耳间呈现适当的弧形，顶部向眼部渐窄、渐平，颊圆。两眼间有浅皱。头骨顶线以及口吻顶线在交汇处略向下倾斜。
Stop :Shallow.
额段：浅。
FACIAL REGION: 面部区域
Nose: In all coat colors, except reds, the nose, lips, and eye rim pigmentation is black. Brown is permitted in red dogs. The lighter streaked « snow nose » is acceptable.
鼻：该犬种除红色被毛的犬只外，其他颜色的犬只的鼻子、唇以及眼眶都为黑色。红色犬的鼻子可以是褐色。带有浅色纹的“雪鼻”也可接受。
Muzzle: Large and bulky in proportion to the size of the skull, diminishing slightly in width and depth from junction with the skull to the nose.
口吻：与头骨相比，口吻所占比例较大，自与头骨交汇处向鼻子方向宽度和深度逐渐变小。
Lips: Close fitting.
唇：紧贴。
Jaws/Teeth: Broad with large teeth. The incisors meet with a scissor bite. Overshot or undershot is a fault.
颌/牙齿：宽，牙齿大。门齿成剪状咬合。上颚或下颚突出均为缺陷。
Cheeks: Moderately flat.
面颊：较平。
Eyes: Obliquely placed in the skull. Eyes are brown, almond shaped and of medium size. Blue eyes are a disqualifying fault.
眼睛：位置倾斜。褐色，杏仁形，中等大小。蓝色眼睛为失格。
Ears: Of medium size, but small in proportion to the head. The ears are triangular in shape and slightly rounded at tips. They are set wide apart on the outside back edges of the skull on line with the upper corner of the eye, giving ears the appearance, when erect, of standing off from the skull. Erect ears point slightly forward, but when the dog is at work, the ears are sometimes folded against the skull. High set ears are a fault.
耳朵：中等大小，但与头相比显小。三角形，耳尖略圆。两耳位于头骨后外侧边缘，间距较大，与上眼角在同一直线上，因此耳朵竖起时感觉远离头骨。立耳会略微向前倾，但在犬工作时，耳有时会下垂并贴着头骨。位置过高的耳朵则为缺陷。
NECK: Strong and moderately arched.
颈部：强壮，呈适度拱形。
BODY: 躯干
Compactly built but not short coupled. The body carries no excess weight, and bone is in proportion to size.
结构紧凑但接合不短。不能超重，骨量与尺寸大小成比例。
Back: Straight and gently sloping to the hips.
背：直且向臀部方向略倾斜。
Loin: Hard and well muscled. A long loin that may weaken the back is a fault.
腰: 结实，肌肉发达。腰部过长会使背部变弱，视为缺陷。
Chest: Well developed.
胸：发育良好。
TAIL: Moderately set; follows the line of the spine at the base. Carried over the back when not working. It is not a snap tail or curled tight against the back, nor is it short furred like a fox brush.
The Malamute tail is well furred and has the appearance of a waving plume
尾：位置适当，根部位于脊骨线上。不工作时举起过背。不应是折钩形或紧贴着背部卷曲，同时尾部被毛也不能短得像狐狸尾巴。阿拉斯加雪橇犬的尾巴毛发丰富，如波状羽毛。
LIMBS: 四肢
FOREQUARTERS: 前躯
General appearance: Forelegs heavily boned and muscled, straight to the pasterns when viewed from the front.
整体外形：前腿骨量大且肌肉发达，从前面观察，前腿一直到系部都很直。
Shoulder : Moderately sloping.
肩：适当倾斜。
Pastern: Short and strong and slightly sloping when viewed from the side.
系部：短且强壮，从侧面观察，略微倾斜。
LIMBS: 四肢
HINDQUARTERS: 后躯
General appearance:
The rear legs are broad. When viewed from the rear, the legs stand and move true in line with the movement of the front legs, not too close or too wide.
Dewclaws on the rear legs are undesirable and should be removed shortly after puppies are whelped.
整体外形：后腿宽。从后面观察，站立及运动时后腿与前腿在同一直线上，两腿间距既不过近也不过远。后腿上有狼爪不理想，在幼仔出生后不久就要将其去除。
Thigh: Heavily muscled.
大腿：肌肉非常发达。
Stifle (Knee): Moderately bent.
后膝关节：适度弯曲。
Hock joint : Moderately bent and well let down.
跗关节：适度弯曲，自然向下。
Feet: Of the « snowshoe » type, tight and deep, with wellcushioned pads, giving a firm, compact appearance. The feet are large, toes tight fitting and well arched. There is a protective growth of hair between the toes. The pads are thick and tough; toenails short and strong.
足：雪鞋型，紧且深，脚垫良好，外观坚固、紧凑。脚大，趾紧凑且自然拱起。趾间有保护性毛发。脚垫厚且强壮；趾甲短且强壮。
GAIT/MOVEMENT:
The gait of the Malamute is steady, balanced and powerful. He is agile for his size and build. When viewed from the side, the hindquarters exhibit strong rear drive that
is transmitted through a well-muscled loin to forequarters. The forequarters receive the drive from the rear with a smooth reaching stride. When viewed from the front or from the rear, the legs move true in line, not too close or too wide. At a fast trot, the feet will converge toward the centerline of the body. A stilted gait, or any gait that is not completely efficient and tireless is to be penalized.
步态/动态：
阿拉斯加雪橇犬的步态稳健、协调、有力。其大小和体格使其很敏捷。从侧面观察，后肢驱动有力并通过肌肉发达的腰部将力量传送至前肢。前肢受力后平稳伸出。从前面或后面看，运动时腿在一条线上，既不过近也不过远。快跑时，脚会集中于身体的中线上。不自然或其他无效或疲惫的步态均会影响成绩。
COAT: 被毛
Hair: The Malamute has a thick, coarse guard coat, never long and soft. The undercoat is dense, from one to two inches in depth, oily and woolly. The coarse guard coat varies in length as does the undercoat. The coat is relatively short to medium along the sides of the body, with the length of the coat increasing around the shoulders and neck, down the back, over the croup and in the breeching and plume. Malamutes usually have a shorter and less dense coat during the summer months. The Malamute is shown naturally. Trimming is not acceptable except to provide a clean cut appearance of feet.
毛质：有一层粗厚的保护性被毛，不长也不软。底毛密，厚度为1-2英寸，油滑、羊毛状。外层被毛和底毛均长度不一。身体两侧的被毛相对短或为中等长度，肩和颈部、背部往下、臀上部以及尾巴的毛相对较长。阿拉斯加雪橇犬通常在夏天时被毛会变短变稀。其被毛要自然，不能进行修剪，但脚部可进行简单修剪。
Colour: The usual colours range from light grey through intermediate shadings to black, sable, and shading of sable to red.
Colour combinations are acceptable in undercoats, points and trimmings. The only solid colour allowable is all-white. White is always the predominant colour on underbody, parts of legs, feet, and part of face markings. A white blaze on the forehead and/or collar or a spot on the nape is attractive and acceptable. The Malamute is mantled, and broken colours extending over the body or uneven splashing are undesirable.
毛色: 通常为浅灰色至黑色、黑貂色、各种深浅的黑貂色至红色。底层被毛、尖部及饰毛的颜色可以为混合色。唯一合格的单色为纯白色，而腹部，腿、脚和面部的局部通常都为白色。前额和/或颈部上有白斑，或者是颈背上有斑点为有吸引力且可接受。阿拉斯加雪橇犬似披有斗蓬，全身颜色杂乱或不均匀均则不理想。
SIZE AND WEIGHT: 尺寸和重量
There is a natural range in size in the breed. The desirable freighting sizes are :
Males : 25 inches at the shoulders - 85 pounds (63,5 cm - 38 kg).
Females : 23 inches at the shoulders - 75 pounds (58,5 cm - 34 kg).
However, size consideration should not outweigh that of type, proportion, movement and other functional attributes. When dogs are judged equal in type, proportion, movement, the dog nearest the desirable freighting size is to be preferred.
公犬：肩高为25英寸——85磅（63.5厘米——38公斤）
母犬：肩高为23英寸——75磅（58.5厘米——34公斤）
但是，对于大小的考虑要次于对犬种样式、比例、步容和其它功能性特质的考虑。在判定时，当犬只在犬种样式、比例、步态等条件上水平同等时，尺寸最接近要求的为最佳。
IMPORTANT SUMMARY:
In judging Alaskan Malamutes their function as a sledge dog for heavy freighting in the Arctic must be given consideration above all else. The degree to which a dog is penalized should depend upon the extent to which the dog deviates from the description of the ideal Malamute and upon the extent to which the particular fault would actually affect the working ability of the dog. The legs of the Malamute must indicate unusual strength and tremendous propelling power. Any indication of unsoundness in legs and feet, front or rear, standing or moving, is to be considered a serious fault. Faults under this provision would be splay-footedness, cowhocks, bad pasterns, straight shoulders, lack of angulation, stilted gait (or any gait that isn’t balanced, strong and steady), ranginess, shallowness, ponderousness, lightness of bone and poor overall proportion.
重点总结：
评判阿拉斯加雪橇犬时，除以上所述外，还要考虑其作为北极地区运输用雪橇犬的功能性。对犬进行罚分的轻重要依据该犬与上述理想状况背离的程度，以及某些特定缺陷对犬工作能力的影响程度。犬的四肢必须具有不寻常的力量和强大的驱动力。四肢及脚，站立或运动时所表现出的任何不足，都将被视为严重缺陷。这方面的缺陷包括八字脚、牛肢、系部差、肩直、角度欠缺、步态如踩高跷（或任何不平衡、不强健、不平稳的步态）、散漫，单薄、笨重、骨量小、整体不成比例。
FAULTS: 缺陷
FAULTS:
Any departure from the foregoing points should be considered a fault and the seriousness with which the fault should be regarded should be in exact proportion to its degree and its effect upon the health and welfare of the dog.
缺陷：任何与上述各点的背离均视为缺陷，其缺陷严重性严格地与其缺陷的程度及其对犬的健康和福利以及它履行它的传统的工作的能力成比例。
DISQUALIFYING FAULTS: 失格缺陷
Aggressive or overly shy dogs.
Any dog clearly showing physical of behavioural abnormalities shall be disqualified.
Blue eyes.
失格缺陷：
有攻击性或过度羞怯
任何犬只明显表现出体力上或行为上的异常，都应被判定为失格。
蓝眼。
N.B.：
Male animals should have two apparently normal testicles fullydescended into the scrotum.
Only functionally and clinically healthy dogs, with breed typicalconformation, should be used for breeding.
注：
公犬具备两个明显正常且完全置于阴囊的睾丸
只有身体机能以及临床表现健康的，具备典型犬种结构的犬只，才可用于繁殖。
▲ 犬只各部位名称（FCI标准通用）
